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Hernia hiatal

Hiatal Hernia Explained

A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach pushes through the opening in the diaphragm (the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen) where the esophagus normally passes. Many hiatal hernias are small and cause few or no symptoms, but larger or sliding hernias can disrupt the normal anti-reflux barrier and contribute to GERD.

Treatment depends on symptoms and may range from lifestyle and medication approaches similar to GERD management to surgical repair when symptoms are severe or complications develop.

Síntomas

Many people with hiatal hernias have no symptoms; when symptoms occur, they are often those of reflux, including heartburn, regurgitation, and chest discomfort, sometimes with difficulty swallowing or shortness of breath after large meals.

Los síntomas incluyen:
Heartburn and acid reflux, especially after meals or when lying down
Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
Chest discomfort or pressure
Difficulty swallowing or a feeling of food “sticking”
Shortness of breath or fullness after eating large meals

Cuándo llamar

Call the office if you have persistent or worsening heartburn, difficulty swallowing, chest discomfort, or regurgitation despite lifestyle changes and medications, or if you have known hiatal hernia with new or changing symptoms.

Seek emergency care for sudden, severe chest or upper abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, black or bloody stools, inability to swallow, or signs of strangulated hernia (severe pain with vomiting, inability to pass gas or stool). These could signal a serious complication.

Evaluación y pruebas
Manejo y tratamiento

Hiatal hernias are often found on imaging or endoscopy done for reflux symptoms. Evaluation focuses on understanding symptom severity, ruling out complications, and determining whether medical or surgical treatment is appropriate.

Symptom assessment, including GERD symptoms and any alarm features (weight loss, bleeding, dysphagia)
Upper endoscopy to evaluate esophagitis, hiatal hernia size, and other esophageal or gastric conditions
Imaging (such as barium swallow) in selected cases to define anatomy
Consideration of esophageal pH testing and manometry when planning anti-reflux surgery
Review of risk factors such as obesity, pregnancy, or heavy lifting

Most hiatal hernias that cause typical reflux symptoms are managed with the same lifestyle and medication strategies used for GERD. Larger or paraesophageal hernias, or those causing significant symptoms or complications, may require surgical repair.

Lifestyle measures (smaller meals, weight management, avoiding late-night eating, head-of-bed elevation)
Acid-reducing medications (PPIs or H2 blockers) when reflux is present
Avoidance of heavy lifting or straining when possible
Surgical consultation for large or symptomatic paraesophageal hernias, refractory GERD, or complications (e.g., bleeding, severe esophagitis)
Long-term follow-up for patients with ongoing or recurrent symptoms
Esta información tiene únicamente fines educativos generales y no constituye un diagnóstico ni un consejo médico personalizado. No sustituye la consulta con su propio profesional sanitario. Siga siempre las recomendaciones específicas que le haya dado su equipo médico. Si presenta síntomas urgentes o que empeoran, póngase en contacto con su profesional sanitario o acuda inmediatamente a urgencias.

De un vistazo

Bloating / gasHeartburnTrouble swallowing

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